Load-sharing rip-stop double row repairs

ABSTRACT

A load sharing rip-stop construct and technique for soft tissue repair, particularly rotator cuff repair. A suture tape is inserted through the soft tissue (rotator cuff) at a first location. At least one suture anchor is inserted into bone, adjacent the soft tissue, the anchor being loaded with at least one length of an suture with two ends. The ends of the suture are passed through the soft tissue at a second location which is medial to the first location, and secured in bone at the second location with an anchor. The suture tape is then passed over the soft tissue and secured into the bone at a third location which is lateral to the first and second locations. The suture tape acts as a “rip-stop,” not only providing resistance to tissue cutout for the suture, but also enhancing load distribution.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 13/872,711, filed Apr. 29,2013, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.61/641,369, filed May 2, 2012, the disclosure of which is incorporatedby reference in its entirety herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to arthroscopic surgery and, morespecifically, to improved methods of attaching tissue to bone, such asrotator cuff repair.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Reattachment techniques of soft tissue to bone employing knotlessfixation devices are known in the art, particularly for the formation ofsingle and double row constructs in arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs.For example, the SpeedFix™ and SpeedBridge™ techniques, both developedby Arthrex, Inc., use a threaded swivel anchor, such as ArthrexSwiveLock® C anchor (disclosed and described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,012,174)combined with FiberTape® (disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,892,256) tocreate a quick and secure SpeedFix™ construct (a knotless single rowrepair) or a SpeedBridge™ construct (a knotless double row repair) withno knots and very few suture passing steps.

In the SpeedBridge™ technique, a swivel anchor (preferably an Arthrex4.75 mm SwiveLock® C anchor) loaded with one strand of FiberTape® isinserted into a medial bone socket. A FiberLink™ and Scorpion™ shuttleboth FiberTape® tails through the rotator cuff simultaneously. Next, oneFiberTape® tail from each medial anchor is retrieved and loaded throughanother SwiveLock® C eyelet. The loaded eyelet is inserted into aprepared lateral bone socket until the anchor body contacts bone, andthe tension is adjusted if necessary. The SwiveLock® C driver is rotatedin a clockwise direction to complete the insertion. Using an open endedFiberWire® cutter, the FiberTape® tails are cut to complete thetechnique.

The above-described SpeedFix™ and SpeedBridge™ suture bridge techniquesrestore the anatomic footprint and are particularly suitable for rotatorcuff tears which usually occur at the tendon-bone insertion. However, attimes, a tear can occur more medially or be accompanied by lateraltendon loss, precluding the ability to perform a double row repair.“Rip-stop” suture configurations have been shown to improve load tofailure compared with simple or mattress stitch patterns. C. B. Ma etal., “Biomechanical evaluation of arthroscopic rotator cuff stitches,” JBone Joint Surg Am, Vol. 86, pp. 1211-1216 (2004). As described in theMa publication, a rip-stop suture may be placed as an isolated suture orwith the use of a double- or triple-loaded anchor. In the case of ananchor, the first set of anchor sutures are used to create a mattressstitch and the remaining sutures are passed medial to lateral in asimple pattern. A rip-stop suture with a double-loaded anchor has a loadto failure equivalent to a modified Mason-Allen stitch. In a follow-upstudy, it was reported that a triple-. loaded anchor with a horizontalrip-stop stitch and two simple stitches demonstrate even less elongationwith cyclic loading (i.e., maintained loop security) and a higherultimate load to failure compared to the rip-stop configuration with adouble-loaded anchor. M. Baleani et al., “Comparative study of differenttendon grasping techniques for arthroscopic repair of the rotator cuff,”Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), Vol. 21, pp. 799-803 (October 2006).Notably, the highest load to failure is achieved with a classicdouble-row repair.

Accordingly, a new surgical technique for double row constructs with areinforced medial row (especially for rotator cuff repairs with lateraltendon loss), using a “rip-stop” suture pattern, is needed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides methods and constructs for reinforceddouble row rotator cuff repairs using a knotless load-sharing rip-stopsuture in the form of a high strength suture tape. The methods of thepresent invention provide enhanced management of poor soft tissue andbone quality in arthroscopic repairs (for example, arthroscopic rotatorcuff repairs).

A method of soft tissue repair according to the present inventioncomprises inter alia the steps of: (i) inserting a suture or a suturetape through soft tissue at a first location so that the suture orsuture tape extends about parallel to a musculotendinous junction; (ii)inserting one or more suture anchors into bone and adjacent the softtissue, the one or more suture anchors comprising at least one flexiblestrand with two ends; (iii) passing at least one end of the flexiblestrand through the soft tissue at a second location which is medial tothe first location of the suture or suture tape; and (iv) passing atleast one end of the suture or suture tape over the soft tissue andsecuring the at least one end into the bone at a third location which islateral to the first and second locations.

A method of soft tissue repair according to the present inventioncomprises inter alia the steps of: (i) inserting a suture or a suturetape through soft tissue at two different first locations so that thesuture or suture tape extends about parallel to a musculotendinousjunction; (ii) inserting at least one anchor (for example, first andsecond anchors) into bone and adjacent the soft tissue, at two differentsecond locations, each of the first and second anchors comprising twoflexible strands and four ends; (iii) passing two of the four ends ofthe flexible strands of each of the first and second anchors through thesoft tissue at two different third locations which are medial to the twodifferent first locations of the suture tape; and (iv) passing each limbof the suture or suture tape over the soft tissue and securing each limbof the suture or suture tape into the bone at two different fourthlocations which are lateral to the first, second and third locations.

The technique of the present invention is particularly useful forrotator cuff repair, and addresses medial tendon tears or tears withlateral tendon loss which may be precluded by standard techniques. Asnoted above, rip-stop suture configurations have been shown to improveload to failure compared with simple or mattress stitch patterns and maybe particularly valuable in these settings. The constructs of thepresent invention provide a rip-stop rotator cuff repair that combinesthe advantages of a rip-stop suture (by providing resistance to tissuecutout) and a double row of load-sharing suture anchors (minimizing theload per anchor and therefore the load per suture within each anchor).

Unlike the prior art techniques in which the mattress stitch and simplestitch are based off the same anchor, in the techniques described below,the rip-stop suture is independently secured so that it not onlyprovides resistance to tissue cutout for the simple sutures but alsoenhances load distribution.

These and other features and advantages of the present invention willbecome apparent from the following description of the invention that isprovided in connection with the accompanying drawings and illustratedembodiments of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1F illustrate schematic views of an anchor-based rip-stoprotator cuff repair for a rotator cuff tear with lateral tendon loss(left shoulder, lateral-to-medial view);and

FIGS. 2A-2F illustrate schematic views of a dual rip-stop rotator cuffrepair.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides methods of forming knotless single andmultiple row constructs with a high strength rip-stop suture, such asFiberTape®.

Steps of an exemplary rotator cuff repair with load-sharing rip-stopsuture tape in accordance with the present invention includes thefollowing steps:

1. A suture tape rip-stop is placed as a free inverted mattress stitchin the rotator cuff about 3 mm lateral to the musculotendinous junction;

-   -   2. Medial anchors are placed in the greater tuberosity;    -   3. Sutures from the anchors are placed as simple stitches that        pass medial to the rip-stop suture;    -   4. The suture tape rip-stop is retrieved to encircle the rotator        cuff sutures;    -   a. The anterior limb of the rip-stop is retrieved anterior to        the rotator cuff suture limbs;    -   b. The posterior limb of the rip-stop is retrieved posterior to        the rotator cuff suture limbs;    -   5. The anterior and posterior limbs of the suture tape are        secured to lateral anchor(s); and

6. The rotator cuff sutures are tied, which pass medial to the rip-stop.

Although the specific embodiments detailed below will be described withreference to specific repairs using a suture tape such as FiberTape®suture and knotless fixation devices such as SwiveLock® anchors, theinvention is not limited by this exemplary-embodiment. Accordingly, thepresent invention contemplates tissue repairs wherein flexible strandswith different width and/or diameters (for example, tapes and/or braidsand/or suture tapes or combinations of tapes and sutures) are employedand with any fixation devices such as anchors, i.e., not limited toknotless fixation devices such as SwiveLock® anchors. Further, althoughthe embodiments below will be described with reference to particularrotator cuff repairs, the invention contemplates repairs of any softtissue, ligament, tendon, etc. For example, the invention contemplatesant repair/reinforcement of soft tissue, such as rotator cuff repair,Achilles tendon repair, patellar tendon repair, ACL/PCL reconstruction,hip and shoulder reconstruction procedures, among many others. Althoughsingle and double-row repairs are detailed below (with one or twoexemplary FiberTape® sutures passed through soft tissue), the inventionalso contemplates repairs with any numbers of multiple rows and/or withany number of flexible strands (i.e., with multiple suture tapes and/orwide sutures) as required by the specific and extent of each repair.

The load-sharing rip-stop double row construct (for tissue repairs suchas rotator cuff repair) of the present invention, described in moredetail below, combines the advantages of a wide rip-stop suture tape anda double-row repair (FIGS. 1 and 2). The technique is particularlyuseful for cases involving medial tears in which there is limited medialtendon that precludes a standard double-row repair. As detailed below,one or two FiberTape® rip-stop sutures are secured to two BioCompositeSwiveLock® anchors laterally in a modified SpeedFix™ repair. TheFiberTape® rip-stop provides resistance to tissue cut out for simplesutures that are passed from a medial row of two BioComposite Corkscrew®FT anchors.

A rip-stop suture is an effective method of avoiding cinching whileimproving resistance to suture cutout. An anterior-to-posterior mattressstitch formed of wider suture such as suture tape (placed independentlyor originating from an anchor) can be placed through the rotator cuffand tied on itself. Subsequently, simple sutures from an anchor arepassed medial to the rip-stop suture, which distributes themedial-to-lateral tensile forces and effectively decreases the chance ofsuture cutout. Such a rip-stop suture may be placed as an isolatedsuture or with the use of a double- or triple-loaded anchor (ormultiple-loaded anchors). In the case of an anchor, the first set ofanchor sutures is used to create a mattress stitch and the remainingsutures are passed medial to lateral in a simple pattern.

An integral feature of the present invention is that the FiberTape®rip-stop suture is load-sharing and thereby takes some of the stress offthe fixation sutures of the other anchors. In prior applications ofrip-stop sutures, the rip-stop sutures have not been load-sharing and,therefore, have been less protective of poor-quality tissues than therip-stop sutures of the present invention.

The present invention provides a unique approach for challenging rotatorcuff repairs that include either poor tendon quality or a short medialtendon stump using exemplary FiberTape® suture tapes and SwiveLock®anchors for reinforcement. FiberTape® is #2 FiberWire® with a 2 mm wideoverbraid that has been shown to have 30% higher resistance to pullingthrough tendon than standard #2 suture and can be used to augment asingle row repair using fixation devices such as Corkscrew® FT sutureanchors. One or two FiberTape® sutures are used to create the rip-stop.The FiberTape® sutures are secured laterally with knotless SwiveLock®anchors in a modified SpeedFix™ repair that not only reinforces themedial stitches, but also shares the load carried by the simple sutures.

Two preferred embodiments of the technique of the present invention(single and dual rip-stop) are now described with reference to thedrawings.

FIGS. 1A-1F illustrate schematic views of an anchor-based rip-stoprotator cuff repair for a rotator cuff tear with lateral tendon loss(left shoulder, lateral-to-medial view).

FIG. 1A: In this rotator cuff tear with lateral tendon loss, there islimited space to achieve fixation in the remaining medial tendon 50(rotator cuff 50).

FIG. 1B: A suture tape (FiberTape® suture) rip-stop 10 has been placedas an inverted mattress stitch in the rotator cuff 50.

FIG. 1C: Two medial anchors 20 (for example, BioComposite Corkscrew®anchors 20) are placed approximately 5 mm lateral to the articularmargin.

FIG. 1D: The sutures 21, 22 from these anchors 20 are passed medial tothe suture tape rip-stop stitch 10 (arrows).

FIG. 1E: Before sutures 21, 22 from the medial anchors 20 are tied, thesuture tape rip-stop stitch 10 is secured to bone 55 with two lateralknotless anchors 30 (BioComposite SwiveLock® C anchors 30).

FIG. 1F: The suture limbs 21, 22 from the medial anchors 20 are tied tocomplete the repair.

FIGS. 2E-2F are schematic illustrations of a dual rip-stop rotator cuffrepair.

FIG. 2A: In this medial rotator cuff tear with rotator cuff 50 providedwith a lateral tendon stump, there is limited space to achieve fixationin the medial tendon.

FIG. 2B: Two FiberTape® rip-stop sutures 10 are placed about 3 mmlateral to the musculotendinous junction as inverted mattress stitches.

FIG. 2C: Two medial anchors 20 (for example, BioComposite Corkscrew® FTanchors 20) are placed in bone 55 (the greater tuberosity bone bed).

FIG. 2D: Suture limbs 21, 22 from the medial anchors 20 (BioCompositeCorkscrew® anchors 20) are passed medial to the rip-stop stitches. Inaddition, the opposite suture limbs 21, 22 are passed through thelateral tendon stump.

FIG. 2E: The FiberTape® rip-stop sutures 10 are secured laterally withtwo knotless anchors 30 (for example, BioComposite SwiveLock® C anchors30). An exemplary SwiveLock® C anchor is disclosed and described in U.S.Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0191849, the disclosure of whichis incorporated in its entirety herewith. These rip-stop sutures areload sharing and are secured before the Corkscrew anchor sutures 21, 22are tied. During this step, it is important to retrieve the rip-stopsutures so that they surround the lateral sutures limbs from theCorkscrew® anchors 20.

FIG. 2F: The repair is completed by tying the sutures limbs 21, 22 fromthe Corkscrew anchors 20.

The flexible strands/tapes 10, 21, 22 of the present invention maycontain a high strength suture material with surgically-usefulqualities, including knot tie down characteristics and handling, such asArthrex FiberWire® suture disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,716,234, thedisclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Thesutures/tapes may be provided with optional colored strands to assistsurgeons in distinguishing between suture lengths with the trace andsuture lengths without the trace.

The flexible strands/tapes 10, 21, 22 of the present invention may bealso provided in the form of a suture tape (such as the FiberTape®disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,892,256, the disclosure of which is hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety), or a combination of sutureand suture tape.

Preferably, the strands/tapes 10, 21, 22 may be provided as colorcontrasting strands to assist surgeons in distinguishing between themwhile they are loaded through the eyelet of a suture anchor or passedthrough tissue, for example. At least one of the limbs may be visuallycoded, making identification and handling of the suture legs simpler.Multiple strands/tapes 10, 21, 22 may be employed with the techniques ofthe present invention.

The single and multiple row constructs of the present invention may beemployed in surgical procedures for repair/reinforcement of soft tissue,such as rotator cuff repair, Achilles tendon repair, patellar tendonrepair, ACL/PCL reconstruction, hip and shoulder reconstructionprocedures, among many others. The single and double row constructs maybe employed with additional implant material(s) such as grafts orpatches provided arthroscopically (preferably under the tissue or abovethe tissue) prior to implanting the lateral rows of the repair system.The graft or patch may be allograft or porous collagen material, and maybe optionally hydrated with bone marrow aspirate. The graft or patch maybe placed either above or below the soft tissue (for example, therotator cuff) and secured into position at the repair site.

The rip-stop rotator cuff repair techniques described above combine theadvantages of a rip-stop suture (by providing resistance to tissuecutout) and a double-row repair (by increasing load-sharing properties).In addition, the techniques use a suture tape that has shown improvedbiomechanical properties compared with standard high-strength sutures.The techniques are particularly useful for cases in which there islimited medial tendon that precludes a suture-bridging double-rowrepair.

While the present invention is described herein with reference toillustrative embodiments for particular applications, it should beunderstood that the invention is not limited thereto. Those havingordinary skill in the art and access to the teachings provided hereinwill recognize additional modifications, applications, embodiments andsubstitution of equivalents all fall within the scope of the invention.Accordingly, the invention is not to be considered as limited by theforegoing description.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of attaching soft tissue to bone,comprising the steps of: passing at least one suture tape with two limbsthrough soft tissue at two different locations; providing a firstlateral row constructed with two suture-loaded anchors, each of thesuture-loaded anchors comprising four suture ends attached thereto, eachof the two suture-loaded anchors being secured into bone; passing twosuture ends from each of the two suture-loaded anchors through the softtissue medially to the two different locations of the suture tape;providing a second medial row constructed with two knotless fixationdevices; capturing each limb of the at least one suture tape with aseparate knotless fixation device of the second medial row; andsubsequently, tying at least two static knots with the four suture endsfrom the suture-loaded anchors.
 2. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising the steps of: providing two suture tapes through soft tissueat four different locations; providing a first lateral row constructedwith two suture-loaded anchors, each of the suture-loaded anchorscomprising four suture ends attached thereto, each of the twosuture-loaded anchors being secured into bone; passing two suture endsfrom each of the two suture-loaded anchors through the soft tissuemedially to the four different locations of the suture tape; providing asecond medial row constructed with two knotless fixation devices;capturing two limbs of each of the two suture tapes with a separateknotless fixation device of the second medial row so that the limbs ofthe suture tapes encircle each of the two suture-loaded anchors; andsubsequently, tying four static knots with the four suture ends from thesuture-loaded anchors.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one ofthe knotless fixation devices is a swivel anchor with an anchor body andan anchor tip rotatably attached to the anchor body, wherein the anchorbody is configured to be inserted over the anchor tip for securing theanchor body and the limb of the at least one suture tape into bone. 4.The method of claim 1, wherein the knotless fixation devices are push-intype anchors, a screw-in anchor or a swivel anchor.
 5. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the soft tissue is a rotator cuff tissue.
 6. The methodof claim 2 wherein the bone is a greater tuberosity bone bed.